What it is
Nicotine is a stimulant drug found naturally in the tobacco plant. It is the main addictive ingredient in cigarettes, cigars, and most vapes (e-cigarettes). It can also be found in products such as nicotine pouches and some chewing tobaccos. Although it is legal for adults, nicotine is one of the most addictive substances in common use.
How it affects you
Once inhaled or absorbed, nicotine reaches the brain within seconds. It triggers the release of dopamine, a chemical linked to pleasure and reward, which produces a short-lived feeling of relaxation or alertness. This effect fades quickly, which is part of why people reach for the next cigarette or vape so soon.
- Short term: increased heart rate and blood pressure, mild head rush, reduced appetite.
- The "hit" wears off fast, leading to repeated use throughout the day.
- In young people, nicotine can interfere with brain development, affecting attention, learning, and mood.
Why it is addictive
The brain quickly adapts to regular nicotine and starts to expect it. Dependence can build within weeks. When nicotine levels drop, withdrawal sets in — and the easiest way to relieve it is more nicotine, which keeps the cycle going. Common withdrawal symptoms include irritability, anxiety, restlessness, trouble concentrating, and strong cravings.
The risks
- Smoking tobacco is strongly linked to lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung conditions.
- Vaping is not harmless: it delivers nicotine plus other chemicals, can cause lung irritation and injury, and creates dependence — especially in teenagers.
- Nicotine use in pregnancy can harm the developing baby.
Signs it may be a problem
- Needing to smoke or vape soon after waking, or feeling on edge without it.
- Trying to cut down or quit and not being able to.
- Continuing despite health concerns, cost, or wanting to stop.
Where to get help (Australia)
Free and confidential support is available. You do not have to do this on your own.